The Evolving role of Clinical Laboratories in Patient Care: A Systematic Review of Innovations and Outcomes

Clinical laboratories play a central role in modern healthcare by supporting diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic decision-making. In recent decades, rapid technological advances—ranging from automation and digital pathology to artificial intelligence (AI) and point-of-care testing (POCT)—have transformed the laboratory landscape. This systematic review investigates the evolving role of clinical laboratories in improving patient care through innovative technologies and practices. We reviewed peer-reviewed articles published between 2016 and 2024 across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, applying PRISMA guidelines to select relevant studies. Key inclusion criteria were English-language empirical studies focused on the clinical impact of laboratory innovation on patient outcomes, efficiency, and healthcare delivery. Results from 52 high-quality studies were synthesized across four domains: diagnostic accuracy, turnaround time, cost-effectiveness, and patient-centered care. Findings suggest that integration of laboratory automation, AI, and advanced molecular diagnostics has significantly enhanced diagnostic precision and reduced time to treatment. Furthermore, laboratory-led quality improvement initiatives and interdisciplinary collaborations contribute to better patient safety and satisfaction. This review concludes that clinical laboratories are not just diagnostic entities but active contributors to value-based healthcare. Recommendations include fostering investment in laboratory innovation, continuous staff training, and integration of lab data with electronic health records (EHRs) for improved clinical decision-making.