Biomaterials in Guided bone Regeneration for Dental Implants: A Systematic review of Clinical and Experimental Evidence

Background: Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a well-established surgical technique in implant dentistry, aiming to promote new bone formation in deficient alveolar ridges. The method relies on barrier membranes and bone graft materials to exclude soft tissue invasion and enhance osteogenesis. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different biomaterials used in GBR associated with dental implant placement, highlighting clinical outcomes and complications. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 26 studies were included, comprising systematic reviews, clinical trials, in vivo animal experiments, and in vitro research. Key variables analyzed included graft type, membrane characteristics, bone gain, and post-operative complications. Results: Xenografts and allografts, when combined with resorbable collagen membranes, resulted in significant horizontal bone augmentation. Titanium mesh demonstrated superior space maintenance but had higher exposure rates. Bioactive agents such as BMP-2 and magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed promising regenerative effects in early-phase studies. Autogenous bone remained effective but was limited by donor site morbidity. Outcomes were influenced by defect morphology, implant design, and membrane stability. Conclusion: GBR remains a predictable approach for alveolar ridge reconstruction in implant dentistry. The choice of biomaterial and membrane should be guided by defect type, patient-specific factors, and clinical expertise. Further high-quality randomized studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of novel biomaterials and refine surgical protocols