Pashanbheda in ayurveda: a critical review from nighantus to samhitas

Pashanbheda, literally meaning "stone breaker," is a classical Ayurvedic drug known for its potent antiurolithic and diuretic actions. Among several botanicals identified under this name, Bergenia ligulata Wall. is the most widely accepted and therapeutically utilized species, particularly in the Himalayan region. This review provides a comprehensive compilation of references from classical Ayurvedic texts (Samhitas and Nighantus) as well as modern pharmacological studies. It explores the drug's taxonomy, vernacular names, classical classification, synonyms, Rasapanchaka, and Panchabhautika constitution. The therapeutic actions of Bergenia ligulata as described in Ayurvedic literature are corroborated by recent pharmacological studies demonstrating its antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. The article also addresses the controversial aspects of its identity due to the use of multiple species under the same name across different regions of India. This review aims to bridge the classical and contemporary understanding of Pashanbheda, thus contributing to its rational and evidence-based therapeutic application.