Pharmacological Perspectives on Camellia Sinensis in the Management of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a complex and progressive metabolic disorder that continues to pose a significant global health challenge. Current therapeutic strategies, although effective, are often accompanied by side effects, reduced patient compliance, and economic burden, which has fueled the search for safer and more sustainable alternatives. Among various medicinal plants, Camellia sinensis (green tea) has received particular attention due to its rich content of bioactive catechins, especially epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). These polyphenolic compounds exert multifaceted pharmacological actions relevant to glycaemic regulation, including enhancement of insulin sensitivity, modulation of glucose uptake, inhibition of digestive enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and protection of pancreatic β-cells from oxidative damage. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of green tea contribute to its potential in reducing the risk of diabetes-associated complications such as cardiovascular dysfunction, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Evidence from experimental studies strongly supports its antidiabetic activity, while clinical trials provide suggestive but variable outcomes, primarily due to differences in dosage forms, standardization, and study design. Despite these limitations, Camellia sinensis remains a promising candidate for integrative diabetes management. A deeper understanding of its pharmacological mechanisms, supported by rigorous clinical validation, may pave the way for its development as an adjunct or complementary therapy in the management of diabetes mellitus.