Repeat breeding syndrome and its management in dairy cattle of jammu and kashmir: A review

Repeat breeding in cows is a multifactorial reproductive disorder characterized by failure to conceive after three or more regular estrous cycles despite normal mating or artificial insemination, without apparent clinical abnormalities. Repeat breeding syndrome in cattle is a major reproductive disorder causing reduced fertility and significant economic losses to the dairy industry. The condition is multifactorial in nature and may result from infectious agents, hormonal imbalances, nutritional deficiencies, genetic predispositions, and improper management practices such as inaccurate detection of estrus or poor insemination techniques. Both clinical and subclinical endometritis are significant causes, as uterine infections impair the uterine environment, disrupt embryonic development, increase embryo mortality, and prevent successful conception. Congenital and acquired abnormalities of the genital tract, such as defects in the oviduct or uterus, can hinder sperm transport, fertilization, or embryo implantation. Imbalances in hormones, including low levels of FSH, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH), or improper ovarian function (e.g., cystic ovarian degeneration), negatively affect ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and the establishment of pregnancy. Deficiencies in critical minerals (e.g., zinc, selenium, and vitamin E) and improper nourishment lead to poor reproductive health, suboptimal body weight, and increased risk of repeat breeding. Other factors include Genetic predisposition, maternal age (higher repeat breeding rates in older cows), improper estrus detection, poor management, and early embryonic death also contribute to repeat breeding. Diagnosis can be achieved through recto-genital palpation, ultrasonography, uterine cytology, and laboratory testing. Effective management involves treating reproductive tract infections, correcting nutritional and hormonal imbalances, and improving breeding practices. Addressing repeat breeding comprehensively is essential to improving conception rates, minimizing economic losses, and enhancing overall herd productivity.